Vietnamese Grammar Guide

'ai' is commonly used to mean "who" and is a fundamental Vietnamese structure for English speakers to learn first.

'bao nhiêu' is commonly used to mean "how many" or "how much" and is a fundamental Vietnamese structure for English speakers to learn first.

'bát' and 'tô' both mean 'bowl' and are used for servings of rice, soup, noodles, and similar foods.

'cái' is the most common classifier for objects in Vietnamese, used for general items and things you can pick up. It also appears in phrases like 'this one' or 'that one.'

The classifier câu is used for sentences, questions, story segments, and other language units.

'chai' means 'bottle' and is commonly used for water, beer, drinks, etc.

chưa indicates that an action or state has not happened up to the moment of speaking, similar to 'not yet' in English.

'có' is commonly used to express possession, ability, or permission.

'có ... không' is commonly used to form yes/no questions and is a fundamental Vietnamese structure for English speakers to learn first.

'con' is mainly used for animals, but also appears in some fixed phrases for objects with animal-like shapes, such as boats, roads, or knives.

'của' is commonly used to indicate possession, similar to 'of' or the possessive '’s' in English. It is essential for learners to understand this structure.

cũng is commonly used to mean "also" and is an essential Vietnamese structure for learners.

'cũng' + Verb/Adjective means 'also' and is usually placed before the verb or adjective.

'đã' is commonly used to indicate that an action has already happened.

'đã ... chưa' is commonly used to ask if something has already happened or been completed, a structure essential for learners.

Vietnamese aspect markers đã, đang, and sẽ usually come before the verb to indicate past, ongoing, or future actions.

'đang' is commonly used to indicate an action is currently in progress.

'đâu' is commonly used to mean "where" and is a fundamental Vietnamese structure for English speakers to learn first.