Writing guide
Written Vietnamese Grammar
Formal Vietnamese relies on precise connectors, clear source framing, and explicit relationships between claims.
Discourse functions
Presenting a basis
theo, dựa trên, and căn cứ vào differ in neutrality, evidence type, and institutional formality.
Explaining cause and consequence
do, vì vậy, do đó, dẫn đến, and khiến organize reasons and results with different registers.
Changing perspective
tuy nhiên, mặt khác, ngược lại, and xét về help readers follow a contrast or a new analytical angle.
Summarizing and reformulating
nói cách khác, nói chung, and tóm lại distinguish restatement, generalization, and conclusion.
Continue with detailed grammar points
theo như
according to; based on
'theo như' means "according to/based on." Its actual function and register depend on the sentence structure and examples in this lesson.
Theo như tôi hiểu, câu này không tự nhiên lắm.
According to my understanding, this sentence is not very natural.
tuy nhiên
However; But
'tuy nhiên' means "however" or "but." Its function and style depend on the sentence structure and examples in this lesson.
Giá cao. Tuy nhiên, chất lượng rất tốt.
The price is high. However, the quality is very good.
do đó
Therefore
'do đó' means "therefore." Its function and style depend on the sentence structure and examples in this lesson.
Nhu cầu tăng nhanh. Do đó, giá cũng tăng.
Demand increases rapidly. Therefore, prices also rise.
vì vậy
So; Therefore
'vì vậy' means "so" or "therefore." Its function and style depend on the sentence structure and examples in this lesson.
Tôi bận cả ngày. Vì vậy, tôi trả lời muộn.
I was busy all day. So, I replied late.
căn cứ vào
based on, according to
'căn cứ vào' means 'based on' or 'according to'. Its function and style depend on the sentence structure and examples in this lesson.
Căn cứ vào kết quả khảo sát, chúng tôi thay đổi kế hoạch.
Based on the survey results, we changed the plan.
dựa trên
based on, according to
'dựa trên' means 'based on' or 'according to'. Its function and style depend on the sentence structure and examples in this lesson.
Bài viết này dựa trên kinh nghiệm học của người Anh.
This article is based on the learning experience of native Vietnamese speakers.
nói cách khác
in other words
'nói cách khác' means 'in other words'. Its function and style depend on the sentence structure and examples in this lesson.
Nói cách khác, bạn không thể dịch từng chữ.
In other words, you cannot translate word for word.
tóm lại
In summary
'tóm lại' means "in summary" or "to sum up." Its actual function and style depend on the sentence structure and examples in this lesson.
Tóm lại, bạn cần nhớ vị trí của từ này.
In summary, you need to remember the position of this word.
mặt khác
On the other hand
'mặt khác' means "on the other hand." Its actual function and style depend on the sentence structure and examples in this lesson.
Cách này nhanh. Mặt khác, nó khá tốn kém.
This method is fast. On the other hand, it is quite expensive.